Showing 45 items matching eureka rebellion
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Federation University Historical Collection
Pamphlet, Eureka 160 1854 - 2014 The Ballarat Reform League Inc
... Eureka Rebellion...The Eureka Rebellion is a significant part of Ballarat's... of the Eureka Rebellion ... of the Eureka Rebellion The Eureka Rebellion is a significant part ...The Eureka Rebellion is a significant part of Ballarat's History. The University curator Clare Gervasoni is a member of the Ballarat Reform League.Small pamphlet done by the Ballarat Reform League, assisted by The Vera Moore Foundation for the 160 year celebration of the Eureka Rebellion eureka rebellion, ballarat reform league, vera moore foundation, monument trail -
Federation University Historical Collection
Booklet, Reclaiming the Radical Spirit of the Eureka Rebellion, 2004
... Reclaiming the Radical Spirit of the Eureka Rebellion, 2004... Reclaiming the Radical Spirit of the Eureka Rebellion, 2004 Orange ...Orange covered booklet on the Eureka Stockade, direct democracy, Direct Action, Internationalism, Solidarity, Why an Apology (It's time for an apology from the Victoria police for their role in the Eureka Massacre in 1854), Birthplace of Australian Democracy? - Conservative Responses to Eureka and the 1901 Federal Constitution (by Ken Mansell), The Post-Eureka Settlementeureka stockade, anarchist media institute, ken mansell, democracy -
Federation University Historical Collection
Souvenir - Placemat, Eureka 150 Luncheon Placemat, 2004
... eureka rebellion... Club. 2004 marked 150 years since the Eureka rebellion... marked 150 years since the Eureka rebellion eureka eureka ...The Eureka Luncheon was held at the Ballarat Old Colonists Club. 2004 marked 150 years since the Eureka rebellionPaper place-mat with a stylized version of the Eureka Flag printed onto it. .3) White card with programme for the 2004 Eureka Sesquicentenary dinner.eureka, eureka stockade, eureka rebellion, eureka aniversary, eureka 150, eureka stockade memorial trust, ballarat old colonists, old colonists' club ballarat -
City of Ballarat
Artwork, other - Public Artwork, Peter Lalor by Thomas Nelson McLean, 1883
... eureka rebellion... of the Eureka Rebellion. The artist has depicted Lalor’s missing arm... as the leader of the Eureka Rebellion. The artist has depicted Lalor’s ...The Peter Lalor statue by Thomas Nelson McLean is said to be a striking likeness of Lalor who is remembered as the leader of the Eureka Rebellion. The artist has depicted Lalor’s missing arm which he lost in the Rebellion efforts on of 3rd December 1854 and 4 bronze relief panels depict major events in Lalor`s life including his involvement at Eureka and in Parliament, where he served as the Speaker of the House. The cast bronze statue stands at a grand scale of 3 meters high and is mounted on a pedestal of polished Aberdeen granite. The statue was gifted to the citizens of Ballarat by James Oddie, who founded a number of Ballarat institutions and was the first chairman of the municipality. It was unveiled by then Premier of Victoria Duncan Gillies on 26 January 1883 to a cheering crowd reported to be in the thousands. The commission cost £2,200. The sculpture was unveiled by then Premier of Victoria Duncan Gillies on 26 January 1983 to a cheering crowd reported to be in the thousands, such was the popularity of Lalor and the appreciation of Eureka rebellion efforts. The statue is of historic and aesthetic significance to the people of BallaratThe cast bronze statue of Peter Lalor stands 3 meters high and is mounted on a pedestal of polished Aberdeen graniteNames of rebellion dead. Artist signature on bronze base.peter lalor, eureka rebellion, eureka, ballarat -
Ballarat Heritage Services
Newspaper clipping, Launch of Eureka Reminiscences, 30 March 1988
... , Eureka, anniversary, 1904, experiences, Eureka Rebellion, Dorothy... their experiences during the Eureka Rebellion on 3 December 1854. These were... and women wrote about their experiences during the Eureka Rebellion ...Launch of Eureka Reminiscences, a publication by Ballarat Heritage Services. This book, a collection of memories about Eureka, was researched, created and printed by Ballarat Heritage Services. On the 50th anniversary of Eureka in 1904, men and women wrote about their experiences during the Eureka Rebellion on 3 December 1854. These were transcribed and recorded by Dorothy Wickham, Clare Gervasoni and Wayne Phillipson.Newspaper clipping with photograph of two women holding books and one man.eureka reminiscences, ballarat heritage services, memories, eureka, anniversary, 1904, experiences, eureka rebellion, dorothy wickham, clare gervasoni,wayne phillipson -
Ballarat Heritage Services
Photograph - Photograph - Colour, Burning of an Effigy of Pauline Hanson, 03 December 2016, 03/12/2016
... reclaim the radical spirit of the eureka rebellion... that, engaged in the Eureka Rebellion of 1854 were men and women of 20... of the Reclaim the Radical Spirit of the Eureka Rebellion program ...Media Release 29 January 2016 Advocate of Racism to burn at Eureka Dawn A cardboard effigy of Senator Pauline Hanson, will burn at the Ballarat Eureka Stockade Memorial next Eureka Dawn 3 December. For eight years now effigy burning has become an integral and flamboyant part of the annual 3 December Eureka remembrance, part of the Reclaim the Radical Spirit of the Eureka Rebellion program organised by Dr Joe Toscano, medical practitioner, broadcaster on Melbourne community radio 3CR and Australia's best known anarchist. -
Federation University Historical Collection
Poster, Eureka: 164th Anniversary Celebrations, 2018
... of the Eureka Rebellion.... of the Eureka Rebellion. eureka stackade anniversary rebellion ...Celebrations begin at 4am and finish at 10pm. Various venues are used to remember the activities of the day of the Eureka Rebellion.Coloured poster - beige with dark brown writingeureka stackade, anniversary, rebellion -
Federation University Historical Collection
Certificate, Eureka Stockade Diggers' March Certificate, 2004
... eureka rebellion... with those at Eureka in 1854. eureka eureka stockade eureka rebellion ...2004 was the 150th anniversary of the Eureka Stockade. The 'Eureka Stockade Diggers' March' was part of the 150th anniversary. The certificate was collected by Kathleen Gervasoni, Great Grand-daughter of Michael O'Dea who was associated with those at Eureka in 1854.Yellow card certificate with blue writing. The front features an image of Charles Doudiet's 'Swearing Allegiance to the Southern Cross', and the recerse shows a map of the 2004 Diggers' March Route and a facsimile of a gold license. The Certificate was signed by John Ireland (Eureka's Children) and Frank Williams (Eureka Stockade Memorial Association)eureka, eureka stockade, eureka rebellion, eureka aniversary, eureka 150, john ireland, frank williams, eureka stockade memorial association, eurekas childrenn -
Federation University Historical Collection
Flag, Eureka Flag (small), c2004
... eureka rebellion... rebellion eureka aniversary eureka 150 diggers march southern cross ...The five Eureka Flags were collected at the Diggers march during the 2004 Eureka 150 celebrations. Small, blue, paper Eureka Flag on white plastic stick used during the Diggers' March in 2004.eureka, eureka stockade, eureka rebellion, eureka aniversary, eureka 150, diggers march, southern cross -
Federation University Historical Collection
Flag, Eureka Flag (small), 1979
... eureka rebellion..., eureka eureka stockade eureka rebellion eureka aniversary eureka ...The 125th Anniversary of the Eureka Stockade was held in 1979,Blue cloth Eureka Flag with wooden stick used during the 125th anniversary of the Eureka Stockade,On sticker " 125th Anniversary - This flag made available by the generosity of Ballarat Permanent Building Society - 11 Grenville St Nth Ballarateureka, eureka stockade, eureka rebellion, eureka aniversary, eureka 125, diggers march, southern cross, eureka flag, ballarat permanent building society -
Federation University Historical Collection
Flyer, Eureka: Reclaim the Radical Spirit, 2018
... Eureka: Reclaim the Radical Spirit, 2018 Coloured flyer eureka ...Coloured flyereureka, rebellion, anne beggs-sunter, dinner -
Supreme Court of Victoria Library
Book, State Trials : Queen v Hayes, Queen v Joseph; proceedings of the trials of these informations in the Supreme Court of the Colony of Victoria, 1855
... eureka rebellion... significance. eureka rebellion John Ferres, Government Printer ...The transcript is of state significance, being one of the very few copies still in existence. Its connection with the Court and its presence in the library's collection enhances its significance.The transcript is of state significance, being one of the very few copies still in existence. Its connection with the Court and its presence in the library's collection enhances its significance.Leather Bound Book, with gold Library stampLibrary stamp reads "Library of the Supreme Court, Colony of Victoria). This volume is a "Copy of Mr Webb's shorthand notes of the proceedings on the trial of this information in the Supreme Court of Victoria, before His Honor Sir William a'Beckett, Chief Justice"eureka rebellion -
Unions Ballarat
Ballarat Trades Hall Eureka Flag, 1942
... eureka rebellion... eureka rebellion trade unions - history gold mining - ballarat ...This flag originally flew from the flagstaff on the Trades Hall Building in Camp Street Ballarat on December 3rd 1942. The flag prompted many enquiries to the Ballarat's Courier newspaper. The Courier in reporting that the flag was, in fact, a replica of the original Eureka Stockade flag went on to say that: "… it (seemed) very strange that the town in which Eureka made a name for Australia and its efforts to get freedom from control for the ordinary man, did not recognise the flag that flew while the first move for freedom was fought out against big odds." The Trades Hall Eureka flag, made of cotton material, was used in union marches during the 1940s. In later years it had been all but forgotten, until in 1981 it was brought to the office of the then MHR for Ballarat, John Mildren by members of the family that the flag maker had boarded with in Ballarat. David Miller, who had a keen interest in the Eureka story and was electorate officer for John Mildren, became custodian of the flag for many years and presented it to Ballarat Trades Hall for display. In 1994 The Ballarat Trades Hall Eureka flag travelled Australia as part of a touring Eureka collection. At that time, the Secretary of the Ballarat Regional Trades and Labour Council, Graeme Shearer said “…The Eureka flag then, as it does now, symbolises the struggle for basic rights and democracy”. On Wednesday 11th July 2001, following a ceremony to mark the refurbishment of the Galloway Monument, the Ballarat Trades Hall Eureka flag was unveiled at a function in the Ballarat Trades Hall by President of the Ballarat Trades & Labour Council, Rhonda Young, and Premier of Victoria, Steve Bracks. The Trades Hall gratefully acknowledges the assistance of Dean Mighell, then Victorian State Secretary of the CEPU/ETU - who was a passionate supporter of the diggers' stand at Eureka - and instrumental in making funds available to assist in Trades Hall's Eureka flag being mounted in the Main Hall of the Ballarat Trades Hall. As far as we know, this is the second oldest Eureka flag in the world. Union (especially Ballarat Trades and Labour Council) history and Eureka Stockade - Ballarat.Flag; blue background; white embellishments - cross and stars; framed.btlc, ballarat trades hall, ballarat trades and labour council, mildren, john, miller, david, southern cross flag - btlc, eureka rebellion, trade unions - history, gold mining - ballarat, gold miners, eureka flag - btlc -
Greensborough Historical Society
Article - Article, Journal, Dorothy Wickham, Eureka, by Dorothy Wickham, 2004_12
... Brief account of the Eureka Rebellion at the Ballarat... Rebellion at the Ballarat goldfields in December 1854 eureka ...Brief account of the Eureka Rebellion at the Ballarat goldfields in December 18542 p., text, 3 columnseureka stockade, ballarat, gold discoveries victoria -
City of Ballarat
Artwork, other - Public Artwork, Anton Hassall, Eureka Circle by Anton Hassall
... to mark the 150th anniversary of the Eureka Rebellion.... of Ballarat to mark the 150th anniversary of the Eureka Rebellion ...The Eureka Circle was commissioned by the City of Ballarat to mark the 150th anniversary of the Eureka Rebellion.The artwork is of historic and aesthetic significance to the people of Ballaratcorten steel artwork with flag pole and Eureka flag at centre -
Ballarat Heritage Services
Photograph - Photograph - Colour, Lisa Gervasoni, 'Eureka Circle' by Dr. Anton Hasell, 03/07/2013
... Eureka Circle marks the 150th anniversary of the Eureka... anniversary of the Eureka Rebellion, and captures its sacrifices ...Eureka Circle marks the 150th anniversary of the Eureka Rebellion, and captures its sacrifices, sense of noble cause and spirit of unity. Commissioned by the City of Ballarat and the Victorian Government's Regional Infrastructure Development Fund. Unveiled by Premier Steve Bracks 26th November 2004.Colour photographs of a sculpture in the Eureka Stockade Memorial Gardens.eureka stockade memorial gardens, eureka circle, eureka stockade, sculpture, anton hassell -
Ballarat Heritage Services
Photograph - Colour, Clare Gervasoni, 'Eureka Circle' [detail] by Dr. Anton Hasell, 31/03/2013
... Eureka Circle marks the 150th anniversary of the Eureka... anniversary of the Eureka Rebellion, and captures its sacrifices ...Eureka Circle marks the 150th anniversary of the Eureka Rebellion, and captures its sacrifices, sense of noble cause and spirit of unity. Commissioned by the City of Ballarat and the Victorian Government's Regional Infrastructure Development Fund. Unveiled by Premier Steve Bracks 26th November 2004.Colour photographs of a panel from sculpture in the Eureka Stockade Memorial Gardens.eureka stockade memorial gardens, eureka circle, eureka stockade, sculpture, miltary, soldier -
Ballarat Heritage Services
Photograph - Colour, Clare Gervasoni, 'Eureka Circle' [detail] by Dr. Anton Hasell, 31/03/2013
... Eureka Circle marks the 150th anniversary of the Eureka... anniversary of the Eureka Rebellion, and captures its sacrifices ...Eureka Circle marks the 150th anniversary of the Eureka Rebellion, and captures its sacrifices, sense of noble cause and spirit of unity. Commissioned by the City of Ballarat and the Victorian Government's Regional Infrastructure Development Fund. Unveiled by Premier Steve Bracks 26th November 2004.Colour photographs of a panel from sculpture in the Eureka Stockade Memorial Gardens.eureka stockade memorial gardens, eureka circle, eureka stockade, sculpture, miltary, soldier -
Ballarat Heritage Services
Photograph - Colour, Clare Gervasoni, 'Eureka Circle' [detail] by Dr. Anton Hasell, 31/03/2013
... Eureka Circle marks the 150th anniversary of the Eureka... anniversary of the Eureka Rebellion, and captures its sacrifices ...Eureka Circle marks the 150th anniversary of the Eureka Rebellion, and captures its sacrifices, sense of noble cause and spirit of unity. Commissioned by the City of Ballarat and the Victorian Government's Regional Infrastructure Development Fund. Unveiled by Premier Steve Bracks 26th November 2004.Colour photographs of a panel from sculpture in the Eureka Stockade Memorial Gardens.eureka stockade memorial gardens, eureka circle, eureka stockade, sculpture, digger -
Ballarat Heritage Services
Photograph - Colour, Clare Gervasoni, 'Eureka Circle' [detail] by Dr. Anton Hasell, 31/03/2013
... Eureka Circle marks the 150th anniversary of the Eureka... anniversary of the Eureka Rebellion, and captures its sacrifices ...Eureka Circle marks the 150th anniversary of the Eureka Rebellion, and captures its sacrifices, sense of noble cause and spirit of unity. Commissioned by the City of Ballarat and the Victorian Government's Regional Infrastructure Development Fund. Unveiled by Premier Steve Bracks 26th November 2004.Colour photographs of a panel from sculpture in the Eureka Stockade Memorial Gardens.eureka stockade memorial gardens, eureka circle, eureka stockade, sculpture, digger -
Ballarat Heritage Services
Photograph - Colour, 'Eureka Circle' by Dr. Anton Hasell, 25/10/2018
... Eureka Circle marks the 150th anniversary of the Eureka... anniversary of the Eureka Rebellion, and captures its sacrifices ...Eureka Circle marks the 150th anniversary of the Eureka Rebellion, and captures its sacrifices, sense of noble cause and spirit of unity. Commissioned by the City of Ballarat and the Victorian Government's Regional Infrastructure Development Fund. Unveiled by Premier Steve Bracks 26th November 2004.Colour photographs of a sculpture in the Eureka Stockade Memorial Gardens.eureka stockade memorial gardens, eureka circle, eureka stockade, sculpture -
Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and Village
Book, Our Own Little Rebellion
... Little Rebellion The Story of the Eureka Stockade Author: Henry ...Our Own Little Rebellion The Story of the Eureka Stockade Author: Henry GylesTurner Publisher: Whitcombe & Tombs Pty Ltd Label on spine with typed text R.A. 994.5 TUR warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, shipwrecked-artefact, book, warrnambool mechanics’ institute, our own little rebellion, eureka stockade, ballarat, henry gylesturner -
Ballarat Heritage Services
Photograph - Colour, 'Rebellion Lives Here' Stencil, 03/04/2019
... Sross. Rebellon Lives Here stencil rebellion eureka stockade ...Colour photograph on a building in the Federation University Camp Street Campus. The stencil includes the Southern Sross. Rebellon Lives Herestencil, rebellion, eureka stockade, eureka flag, southern cross -
Ballarat Heritage Services
Photograph, Rebellion Lives Here, 03/04/2019
... Eureka Flag stencil Rebellion Photograph of stencil art ...Photograph of stencil art on an external wall at the Federation University Arts Academy, Camp Street, Ballarat.eureka flag, stencil, rebellion -
Unions Ballarat
Peter Lalor Lithograph, n/d
... Peter Lalor rose to fame for his leading role in the Eureka... Eureka Insurrection of 1854. Born - Tennikill, Queen's County ...Peter Lalor rose to fame for his leading role in the Eureka Rebellion at Ballarat in 1854. He is the only outlaw to make it into parliament. The siege of Eureka culminated in November and December 1854 arising as the result of disagreement between disaffected gold miners (led by Peter Lalor) and colonial forces about compulsory mining licences. This lithograph is rare - the only one we are aware of.Eureka Stockade (Ballarat), politics and government (Victoria, Australia).Lithograph - sepia. Picture of Peter Lalor in Legislative Assembly speaker's regalia."The late Hon Peter Lalor, Ex-Speaker of the Legislative Assembly and leader of the Memorable Eureka Insurrection of 1854. Born - Tennikill, Queen's County, Ireland, 1827. Died - Melbourne, Victoria, 1889. Aged 62 years."btlc, ballarat trades hall, ballarat trades and labour council, eureka stockade, lalor, peter, history - ballarat, politics and government -
Ballarat Base Hospital Trained Nurses League
Mr David Fawell, President Board of Management
... his legal practice in 1855, just after the Eureka Rebellion... his legal practice in 1855, just after the Eureka Rebellion ...David Fawell joined Cuthbert, Morrow, Must & Shaw Solicitors in 1967, they were then the honorary solicitors for the Ballarat Base Hospital and had been since it’s inception. Mr Fawell retired in 2005 from the legal firm known from 1973 as Cuthberts. Irish lawyer Henry Cuthbert moved to Ballarat and opened his legal practice in 1855, just after the Eureka Rebellion, with a focus on mining law.Photofawell, president, board, management, cuthberts, solicitor -
Unions Ballarat
Eureka revisited: The contest of memories, Beggs Sunter, Anne et al, 2004
... Comprehensive and brief account of the Eureka rebellion... account of the Eureka rebellion and the story of the flag ...Comprehensive and brief account of the Eureka rebellion and the story of the flag of the Southern Cross. Includes photographs of various artistic representations that are held in the Ballarat Fine Art Gallery. Written for the 150th anniversary of the Eureka Stockade. Contents: Machine derived contents note: Eureka Timeline and Personalities 6 Eureka Revisited: the contest of memories 9 Anne Beggs Sunter The Eureka Flag and its champions 23 History of the Flag 24 Holy Relics - the puzzle of the pieces 35 Design and making of the Eureka Flag 38 Symbols and Legend 40 Artistic interpretations 40 Films 44 Writing and dramatising the legend 47 Songs and Musicals 49 The living tradition of protest 50.Relevant to the history of Ballarat, gold mining, Ballarat Reform League and the Eureka Rebellion.Book; 56 pages; pictorial. Front cover: white background; colour painting, "Pioneer", by Sally Smart; blue and gold text; title.btlc, ballarat trades hall, lalor, peter, humffray, john, eureka stockade, eureka stockade - anniversary, eureka flag, southern cross flag, art and history, ballarat reform league, history - ballarat, ballarat trades and labour council, art, australian - 19th century - exhibitions -
City of Ballarat
Artwork, other - Public Memorial, Eureka Monument, 1923
... A sandstone plinth with tablet commemorating the Eureka... Ballarat goldfields Public Memorial Artwork, other Eureka Monument ...HistoricA sandstone plinth with tablet commemorating the Eureka Stockade Rebellion of December 3, 1854 including the names of diggers and soldiers whom fought and fell in battle, surrounded by a bluestone border. Set on a larger platform surrounded by four cannons and bluestone edge. Set in parkland with entry gateway at Eureka Street, Ballarat.Eureka Stockade Sunday Morning December 3rd 1854. This tablet was created by the Eureka Improvement Committee 1923. To honour the memory of the Heroic Pioneers who fought and fell, on this Sacred spot, in the cause of liberty. And the Soldiers who fell at Duty's call. Diggers: W. Emmerman, J. Diamond, T. O'Neill, J. Donaghey, W. Clifton, E. Quin, W. Quinlan, J. Hafele, J. Crowe, T. Moore, J. Brown, Lieut. Ross, J. Robertson, Fenton, E. McGlyn, J. Haynes, P. Gittins, T. Mullins, S. Green, R. Julien, E. Thonen, J. Hassle. Soldiers: Capt. H.C. Wise, Ptes. W. Webb, M. Roney, J. Wall, F. Boyle, J. Hall.eureka -
City of Ballarat
Artwork, other - Public Artwork, The Pikeman's Dog Memorial by Charles Smith and Joan Walsh-Smith, 2014 (re-commissioned memorial, original dog sculpture commissioned in 1999)
... the Eureka rebellion and stood guard over his body and grave... masters side during the Eureka rebellion and stood guard over his ...This memorial commemorates the ideas of mateship through using the legend of the Pikeman’s Dog. According to the legend, the Pikeman's Dog 'Wee Jock' stayed by his masters side during the Eureka rebellion and stood guard over his body and grave. The dog was awarded a Purple Cross by the RSPCA for service to humans in 1997 and a bronze life-size sculpture commemorating him was unveiled on December 3rd 1999 at the Anniversary of the Eureka Stockade Rebellion, in Ballarat, Victoria. The bronze Irish Terrier has an expression of his sadness with his his head turned towards the place where once his master stood. This statue was relocated from inside the Eureka Centre to a more prominent position within the Eureka Stockade Memorial Park when the Museum of Democracy at Eureka (M.A.D.E) was constructed. The new memorial was unveiled at a ceremony on December 3, 2014 - the 160th anniversary of the Eureka Stockade. The new memorial consists of 22 large golden stockade posts – representing the number of diggers killed in battle – erected in a triangle behind the statue of Wee Jock, the work could be viewed from the cafe area of the Museum of Australian Democracy at Eureka. The triangular shape of the monument is metaphorically symbolic. The V shape can be interpreted as symbolising victory, and the 22 golden posts represent the 22 diggers who were killed. At the time of awarding the building the new memorial in July, the sculpture artists Charles Smith and Joan Walsh-Smith were quoted: “This ‘new incarnation’ will be a much more significant memorial than the original, and much more accessible to the public,” they said. “We have set the golden stockade post/poles in a graphically precise angle to each other, which both leads the eye to the dog and the pike, while, at the same time, creating a sense of controlled visual ‘unease’. Essentially, the impression is one of ‘controlled collapse’ while suggestive of purpose and final victory.”The memorial is of historic and aesthetic significance to the people of BallaratA small bronze dog surrounded by gold-coloured metal polespikemans dog, eureka stockade -
Unions Ballarat
Massacre at Eureka : the untold story, O'Brien, Bob, 1992
... ). The rebellion at Eureka arose as a protest against compulsory mining...). The rebellion at Eureka arose as a protest against compulsory mining ...Untold story of the Eureka Stockade (3 December 1854). The rebellion at Eureka arose as a protest against compulsory mining licences for gold miners and led to the siege at the Stockade by colonial forces.Local significance. Relevant to the history of the Eureka Stockade that took place in Ballarat in 1854.Paper; book. Front cover: Red, blue and black background with an artistic rendition of the battle of Eureka. Yellow and white text. Front cover: author name and title.btlc, ballarat trades hall, ballarat trades and labour council, eureka stockade, eureka lead, gold mining - ballarat, mining licences - ballarat, civil disobedience, lalor, peter, scobie, james, ballarat reform league, bentley, james, humffray, john, southern cross, australian history